QUR'AN AND MODERN SCIENCE :: EARTH CREATED IN 7 LAYERS:

:QUR'AN AND MODERN SCIENCE :: EARTH CREATED IN 7 LAYERS::
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[In the Name of Allah, Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful]

One item of information about the Earth given in the Qur'an is its similarity to the seven-layered sky. We have earlier discussed the miraculous creation of heaven or sky in 7 layers and there properties as mentioned in the Glorious Qur'an.
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Let us now have a look upon what Qur'an says regarding creation and structure of Earth:

"It is Allah Who created the seven heavens and of the earth the same number, the Command descending down through all of them, so that you might know that Allah has power over all things and that Allah encompasses all things in His knowledge."
[Qur'an, 65:12]

The information in the above verse is confirmed in scientific sources, wherein it is explained that the Earth consists of seven strata. These, as scientists have identified, are:

1st layer Lithosphere:
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It consist of two parts, Liquid and Solid Lithosphere. The Liquid Lithosphere extends from Earth's surface downward several kilometers into the lithosphere.Ninety-seven percent of Earth's water is salty. The salty water collects in deep valleys along Earth's surface. These large collections of salty water are referred to as oceans. A small portion of the water in the hydrosphere is fresh (non-salty). This water flows as precipitation from the atmosphere down to Earth's surface, as rivers and streams along Earth's surface, and as groundwater beneath Earth's surface. Most of Earth's fresh water, however, is frozen.
The Solid Lithosphere contains all of the cold, hard solid land of the planet's crust (surface). The lithosphere is always moving, but very slowly. It is broken into huge sections called tectonic plates. The extreme heat from the Mantle makes it easier for the plates to move.

2nd layer: Asthenosphere:
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The Asthenosphere (from Greek asthenēs 'weak' + sphere) is the highly viscous, mechanically weak[1] and ductively-deforming region of the upper mantle of the Earth. The Asthenosphere lies below the Lithosphere and represent rock close to its melting point. It lies below the Lithosphere, at depths between ~80 and ~200 km (~ 50 and 124 miles) below the surface. The Asthenosphere consists of partially molten rock, due to which seismic waves passing through this layer are significantly slowed.

3rd layer: Upper Mantle:
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Below the Asthenosphere lies another layer, stronger and more solid than the Asthenosphere. The Upper Mantle contains 10.3 % of the Earth's mass. The Upper Mantle contains 15.3% of the mantle-crust mass. Olivine (Mg, Fe) and pyroxene (Mg, Fe) have been the primary minerals found in this way. It thins to a few kilometers at ocean spreading centers, thickens to about 100 -150 km under the older parts of ocean basins and is up to 250 - 300 km thick under continental shield areas.

4th layer: Inner Mantle:
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The rest of the mantle between the Upper Mantle and the core is known as the Lower Mantle. It is denser and hotter than the Upper Mantle. The Lower Mantle contains 49.2 % of the Earth's mass and is about 50% of the total mass of the planet. The Lower Mantle contains 72.9% of the mantle-crust mass and is composed of silicon, magnesium, oxygen, iron, calcium, and aluminum. The Lower Mantle extends from 670 to 2900km.

5th layer: Gutenberg Discontinuity (Core-Mantle Boundary):
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In 1913, German geophysicist Beno Gutenberg (1889–1960) was the first to discover the approximate location of the mantle-outer core boundary, a transition zone now known as the Gutenberg Discontinuity. The core–mantle boundary lies between the Earth's 'silicate mantle' and its liquid 'iron-nickel' outer core. This boundary is located at approximately 2900 km (1798 mi) depth beneath the Earth's surface. The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth. This discontinuity is due to the differences between the acoustic impedances of the solid mantle and the molten outer core. This is where seismic waves slow down, indicating a zone between the semi-rigid inner mantle and the molten, iron-nickel outer core.

6th layer: Outer Core:
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Earth's Outer Core is a liquid layer about 2,266 km (1,408 mi) thick, composed of iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid Inner Core and below its Mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface. The transition between the Inner Core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km (3,200 mi) beneath Earth's surface. The temperature of the Outer Core ranges from 4,300 K (4,030 °C; 7,280 °F) in the outer regions to 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F) near the Inner Core.

7th layer: Inner Core:
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Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its liquid outer core in 1936 by a seismologist, Inge Lehmann. A few years later, in 1940, it was hypothesized that this Inner Core was made of solid iron; its rigidity was confirmed in 1971. Earth's Inner Core is Earth's innermost part and is a primarily solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 km (760 mi), according to seismological studies. (This is about 70% of the Moon's radius.) It is believed to consist primarily of an iron–nickel alloy and to be approximately the same temperature as the surface of the Sun: approximately 5700 K (5430 °C).

The truth of this similarity between the creation of Sky and the Earth in 7 layers was only identified by 20th century technology, is without doubt another of the Qur'an's scientific miracles, mentioned clearly 1431 yrs earlier. ALLAH HU AKBAR.