What is Ikhlaas (Sincerity)?

SINCERITY
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Sincerity is the freeing of one's intentions from all impurities in order to come nearer to Allah. It is to ensure that the intentions behind all acts of worship and obedience to Allah are exclusively for His pleasure. It is the perpetual contemplation of the Creator, to the extent that one forgets the creation.

Sincerity is a condition for Allah's acceptance of good deeds performed in accordance with the sunnah of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. Allah has commanded this in the Quran :

"And they have been commanded to worship only Allah, being sincere towards Him in their deen and true."

[98 : 5]

Abu Umamah has related that a man once came to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and said, "What of a man who joined us in fighting, his intention being for fame and booty?" The Prophet said, "He receives nothing". The man repeated the question three times and each time the Prophet said, "He receives nothing". Then he said, "Allah only accepts actions that are intended purely for His pleasure." [1]

Abu Sa'id al-Khudri related that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said in his khutba during the farewell pilgrimage, "Allah will bless whoever hears these words and whoever understand them, for it may be that those who pass on this knowledge are not those who will understand it best. There are three things concerning which the heart of a believer should feel no enmity or malice : devoting one's actions to Allah, giving counsel to the Imams of the Muslims, and being loyal to the majority." [2]

What is meant here is that these three things strengthen the heart, and whoever distinguishes himself in them will have a heart purified from all manner of deceit, corruption and evil.

A servant can only free himself from shaytan through sincere devotion, for Allah tells us in the Quran that Iblis said to Him :

"Except those of Your servants who are sincere."

[38 : 83]

It has been related that a righteous man used to say, "O self, be devout and you will be pure." When any worldly fortune, in which the self finds comfort and towards which the heart inclines, intrudes upon our worship, then it impairs the purity of our efforts and ruins our sincerity. Man is preoccupied with his good fortune and immersed in his desires and appetites ; rarely are his actions or acts of worship free of temporary objectives and desires of this kind. For this reason it has been said that whoever secures a single moment of pure devotion to Allah in his life will survive, for devotion is rare and precious, and cleansing the heart of its purities is an exacting undertaking.

In fact, devotion is the purifying of the heart from all impurities, whether few or many, so that the intention of drawing nearer to Allah is freed from all other motives, except that of seeking His pleasure. This only can come from a lover of Allah, who is so absorbed in contemplation of the next world that there remains in his heart no place for the love of this world. Such a person must be devote and pure in all his actions, even in eating, drinking and answering the calls of nature. With rare exceptions, anyone who is not like this will find the door of devotion closed in his face.

The everyday actions of a person who is overwhelmed by his or her love for Allah and the Akhira are characterised by his love and they are, in fact, pure devotion. In the same way, anyone whose soul is overwhelmed by love for and preoccupation with this world, or status and authority, will be so overwhelmed by this things that no act of worship, be it prayer or fasting, will be acceptable, except in very rare cases.

The remedy for love of this world is to break the worldly desires of the self, ending its greed for this world and purifying it in preparation for the next world. This will then become the state of the heart and sincere devotion will become easier to attain. There are a great many actions where a man acts, thinking they are purely intended for Allah's pleasure, but he is deluded, for he fails to see the defect in them.

It has been related that a man was used to praying in the first row in the mosque. One day he was late for the prayer, so he prayed in the second row. Feeling embarrassment when people saw him in the second row, he realised that the pleasure and satisfaction of the heart that he used to gain from praying in the first row were due to his seeing people seeing him there and admiring him for it. This is a subtle and intangible condition and actions and rarely safe from it. Apart from those whom Allah has assisted, few are aware of such delicate matters. Those who do not realise it only come to see their good deeds appearing as bad ones on the Day of Resurrection; they are the ones referred to in Allah's words :

"And something will come to them from Allah which they had never anticipated, for the evil of their deeds will become apparent to them."

[39 : 47-48]

And also,

"Say: Shall we tell you who will lose most in respect of their deeds? Those whose efforts were astray in the life of this world, while they thought that they were doing good works."

[18 : 103-104]

Yaqub said, "A devout person is someone who conceals things that are good, in the same way that he conceals things that are bad."

As-Sousi said, "True devotion is to lose the faculty of being conscious of your devotion; for someone who identifies devotion in his devotion is a person whose devotion is in need of devotion." To contemplate devotion is to admire it, and admiration is an affliction; and that which is pure is whatever is free of all afflictions. This means that one's deeds should be purified from any self-admiration concerning the actions they entail.

Ayyub said: "It is much harder for the people of action to purify their intentions than it is to execute any of their actions."

Some people have said, "To be devout for a short while is to survive for ever, but devotion is rare."

Suhail was asked, "What is the most difficult for the self?" He said, "Devotion, when the self does not have the good fortune of being endowed with it."

Al-Fudayl said, "Forsaking action for the sake of other people is to seek their admiration. To act for the sake of their admiration is to associate others with Allah. Devotion is when Allah frees you from both of these states."

[The Purification of the Soul, Compiled from the works of ibn Rajab al-Hanbali, ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya and Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Chapter 01, p.4]

Notes :

1. Sahih an-Nisa'i, Kitab al-Jihad 6/25; al-Hafidh ibn Hajar, Fath al-Qadir 6/28
2. Sahih ibn Ma'jah; also ibn Hibban, Marwarid adh-Dham'an p.47, on authority of Zaid ibn Thabit